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A Guide to Good Writing

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Every Breaking Wave

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We all have a love of literature (why else would you be in this board?). Some people have a natural gift or talent for writing; others do not. That's what this thread is for.

I've occassionally been asked by others for my advice on how to improve their skills, to write to the best of their abilities. I'm always happy to help others if I can, so with that in mind I've decided to post my typical response here. Please keep in mind that these are only suggestions. You're obviously not obligated to follow them, but if you aren't that strong of a writer yet, I do suggest that you take the time to have a look. I'm not the strongest writer in the world either, but I've been told that this guide has really helped others who have seen it.


Storyline
The best way to write is to come up with a part of the plot. Everybody comes up with a different section, and its normal for people to come up with a plot point at either the beginning, the middle, or the end. In my case, I usually think of the ending first. It's a critical thing to come up with; you should always have an ending before starting the story. That way, you know what you're working towards.

Once you have an ending, look for the beginning of the story. Ask yourself, "What is the character doing? What needs to happen for them to start the story? Who is with them?" Once you have the beginning and the end planned out, you can start on the tricky part; the main plot.

The plot is one of the most difficult parts of writing. You should have it all planned out before you even start the actual writing. You need to think, "What happens to the character to get the action rolling? Why are they doing what they are doing? What happens to guide them to the story's end?". It's so important to get everything down pat mentally before picking up that pen (or keyboard). Iron out all of the little details so that the reader doesn't get confused.

One of my favourite techniques to use (and one of the simplest and most effective ones) is to use foreshadowing. Add in little clues about the plot along the way (make them subtle); that way, an event that happens later in the story doesn't seem to happen spontaneously. You're not telling the reader explicitly what will happen by foreshadowing. You're adding in a tiny bit more detail that the reader will probably not think too much about, or miss entirely when they read it the first time. But then, that little hidden clue leads into a huge plot point, and the reader realizes that it was in the story all along. It's a magical feeling to be reading a story and that happens; you just suddenly think "Oh yeah, I remember that!". A couple of well-placed foreshadows can really save a story later on, although they're never as effective the second or third time through.

Establish what the setting(s) is/are. The setting isn't just the place, it's also the time. Keep it realistic, and flowing from one spot to another (see Pace and Word Choice below).

Always have every detail of the plot set in stone before you write. You can improvise as you go along, of course. Switching some parts around, replacing a part, or adding in a brand new idea is always good; it keeps the story fresh. But don't add in too many seperate plots; it makes the story confusing, and the reader will enjoy it less. If you have lots of great ideas, don't worry. Figure out what is most important to your story, and make it the main plotline. Take two or three more ideas and make them into subplots that keep the reader interested as the story progresses. Always make sure to wrap up the subplots before the main plot though. It's easy to get lost in ideas, and hard to work each one out. If you still have lots of ideas left over at the end, don't worry. They can go into a sequel, or a whole new story.


Pace
Pacing is tricky. You have to go quickly enough that the reader doesn't lose interest, but slowly enough that you don't accidentally leave out any of the plot. The best thing to do, in my experience, is to just write at your own pace. You shouldn't usually start a story by going straight into the action, though this really depends on the way you're introducing it (is it the aftermath of a war? Did a Pokemon battle just finish?). The first two or three chapters should introduce the character(s) to the reader, and slowly begin the plot. Put in little plot details in those first few chapters before saying what the challenge is.

Once the plot has been fully introduced it's easy enough for the characters to follow it, but difficult to decide what pace they should go at. It may be hard to do, but never be afraid to have two or three chapters in a row that seems to be mainly filler, but still have some semblance of a plot. These "filler" chapters (for lack of a better word) are where foreshadowing comes in. Remember that no detail in a story should be put in just for the sake of it. Every detail should contribute to the plot in some way, and every detail should be wrapped up at the end of the story, even if you're planning to write a sequel.

Always remember; there is never a wasted moment in any story, and every action serves some purpose in the end. It may be difficult to write, but all it does is add to your story by taking your time. And if just one reader complains about the pacing, don't worry. You're making the story flow at that pace for a reason, and they will see it at the end. Never take someone's advice to speed up, because you just shut out parts of your own plot. Going at any pace other than your own can only hurt you. The biggest problem I have with most fanfics that I read is that they rush through the story; they need to slow down.

If you're worried that the plot goes too slowly, the option of a cliffhanger is a really good choice to make. Add in a sudden plot twist and then end the chapter. If it's done well, it keeps the readers really interested in what could happen and they'll check back more often to see the update because they're being driven mad by frustration about what could happen. It's very important not to overuse them, though. You want to keep the reader interested, not piss them off.


Word Choice
Word choice is both tricky and fun. It's fun because you get to play around with words. It's tricky because you have to make the background and details more interesting than just the bare bones of the plot. A good story makes the reader feel as if they are actually part of the action, and word choice helps with that. For description of scenery or atmosphere, you want eloquent words that describe the setting so well the reader is put into that story. It's kind of a touchy-feely thing; you want to put the reader into the story, not make it seems as if the author is trying to make you look stupid. You want to avoid overusing eloquent words too. It's trickiest if you add in conversation.

Readers don't like it when characters talk in a fancy way, or use the same words that are used to describe the scenary/setting. A story should seem realistic, and that includes the characters. The problem is that people talk completely differently from what you would use for scenary. The trick is to integrate the two different levels of word usage in chapters.

In speech, don't always use "he said" or "she said". That's not to say that you can't use "said", just don't use it all the time. Switching things up keeps it interesting, and there are a variety of other appropriate words you can use depending on the scenario: moaned, growled, gritted, exclaimed, questioned, queried, shouted, shrieked, whispered, mumbled, panted, drooled, groaned, complained, muttered, the list goes on and on!

So as you write, think about what words you're using. Do they describe the setting? Are they too fancy? Too simple? It's a tricky part of the writing process, but it can be a very fun one.


Detail
Most people are good with detail, but it's an important and integral part that should be mentioned. Detail is vital to the health of a story. Without detail, all you have is a basic plot. Every author needs to pad their story, but the question is, to what extent? In a short story or a oneshot, you don't need to add much detail on the surroundings. All of the detail should be focused on the characters, and how they grow as the story progresses.

In a longer story, it's much harder. The characters are more likely to interact with their environment than in a short story, and the environment is more likely to play a role in the story. It's therefore vitally important for the setting to be as padded as possible to make it as realistic as possible. You want the reader to be able to see exactly what is going on. It's all part of putting the reader into the story. Even though it's so important, detail is the easiest part of the writing process. Consider the following sentences:

1) Marc, Nigel, and Erica walked on the path, heading towards the town.
2) Marc, Nigel, and Erica walked along the path quickly, hoping to break out of the forest and reach town by nightfall. A stream tinkled gently nearby and a cool breeze blew towards them, ruffling their hair and filling their nostrils with the savoury scent of fresh watercress.

Which of those two sentences is more interesting to read? Adding detail makes the setting more realistic, is interesting for the reader, and adds length to the chapters. It doesn't take much longer to write, and it can be used in conversation too:

1) "It's just frustrating," Nigel said.
2) "It's just frustrating," Nigel growled, grinding a fist angrily into his palm

Adding in that little extra detail in the second example really helps the reader feel the character's emotions. Always consider a character's perspective of the situation when you write their dialogue.


Originality
It's said that there is no such thing as an original story anymore, and that every work is inevitably based on another. This may or may not be true, but keeping a story as fresh and original as possible is absolutely vital for success. I'm not talking about plagiarism; I'm talking about seemingly inconsequential similarities between stories. If you take a look at Advanceshipping stories, for example; it's seemingly inevitable that by the end of the story, Ash and May will be a couple with either Drew or Misty ending up humiliated and loveless.

You read that in one story, and think "cool". Then you go onto another story and it's the same. And again. And again. And again. And again...

The plot of each story could be completely different. But despite that, almost every story that you read will end with the same results. It's just boring. And if you're writing dozens and dozens of these, all of them ending in a similar way... All that you're doing is hurting yourself, and your readers, by rehashing the same storylines. Okay, so maybe Advanceshipping stories is a bad example, since that's just one ship. But if you read an Advanceshipping fic, and follow it up with a Pokeshipping fic and a Contestshipping fic, you'll notice that the same things seem to happen, just with different characters. Seems like they all have to end like that, right?

Wrong!

It's simple to write an story that ends differently than above. I'll let you be imaginative and figure out how, but I've seen many fics that follow atypical plots. This, of course, applies to any story that you might write. Be as original as you possibly can. You'll only help yourself by going in directions that others are not.


Write Ahead
You don't have to write one chapter and then upload it straight away. In fact, it's a very unwise thing to do for a long story (although I admit that I do it all the time). You should always have at least one chapter in reserve, if not two. By writing ahead you can spot potential plot inconsistencies, or problems that you may need to explain. It helps you to see the bigger picture. I cannot stress enough how important it is to have at least one chapter in reserve. Looking back is often just as important (if not more-so) than looking ahead.

That's not to say that you have to write ahead, but you should at the very least know where your plot is going so that you don't meander all over the place. Writing ahead just helps you to keep focus on what is happening.


Proofreading
Proofreading is critical. You can have the best story in the world, but if you can't spell words right or use proper grammar, nobody will want to read it. For many, this isn't really an issue. But, you should always re-read your chapters and think about:

*Speech: When a different character starts talking, always put it on a different line
*Comma use: Commas are useful little things. But if you use them too many times in a sentence, it's hard to read. If it's a long sentence, consider splitting it into two.
*Semi-colon: It's used in a slightly different way than a comma, and can be a real boon to a writer. I used to hate them. Now I love them!
*Spelling
*Sentence structure: Is it too long? Too short? A sentence fragment?
*Punctuation: End sentences with the right kind of punctuation; you can choose between a period, a question mark, an exclamation mark, or even an ellipse (...) or hyphen (-). In conversation, closing quotation marks go after the punctuation.

Read, re-read, and read your work again. Every time you go over it you're bound to see something you didn't notice before. It may be boring, but it helps. Or, get a friend to look over it. Getting someone who doesn't know how the plot will end to read the story is invaluable! Every published author does this. And let's face it, somebody is far more likely to read a story with correct spelling and grammar than somthing littered with mistakes.


Other Techniques
I've already talked about foreshadowing and cliffhangers, but there are lots of other techniques you can use too. I'm not going to go into detail on each one, since there are lots of websites that can explain what each means better than I can. I will list some of them, though.

*Rhetorical Question
*Simile/Metaphor
*Allegory
*Alliteration
*Personification
*Anticlimax
*Hyperbole
*Onomatopoeia
*Parallelism


Characterization
I cannot emphasize this more. Characterization may be the single most important part of a story. You can have the greatest story idea ever, but if the characters are bland and boring, nobody will read it. Because if the characters are boring, the story is boring.

So what can you do to improve your characters? It's surprisingly simple.

Give them interesting personality quirks. Perhaps May has a new travelling companion who absolutely hates ramen. That sets up an interesting (and unique) conflict between the characters. Or maybe Brock gets hit in the head and develops a love for all things spicy. Is Dawn afraid of shadows?

Original characters can be the hardest to write. When writing a fanfiction, you usually know the characters really well from watching the anime. Depending on how much they've been developed, they can be among either the easier or the harder to properly write and characterize. For a realistic original character you need to develop both their personality and a plausible backstory. This can be done in any order. If you develop the personality first, think about how what has happened in the character's past that made them this way. If you work on the backstory first, think about how this will influence their personality. It's a neverending cycle.

Growth is vital. The purpose of any story is to see how a character grows and matures, and unfortunately not very many people understand that. When developing an anime character for a fanfiction, it's usually easy to do. You can see how much a character has grown throughout the series, and you can continue to follow this path. Again, with an OC it's harder but not overly so. I won't tell you how to make a character grow - it's for you alone to decide - but it is incredibly important.


Characterizing Canon Characters
It's always nice to see an old friend from the anime, games, or manga introduced into a story, especially if it's been a long time since we've seen them. But that nostalgia can be kinda spoilt if the characterization of that person is horribly off. When introducing a character, it's probably best to familiarize yourself with them. Depending on what continuity your story takes place in, you can watch the episode(s) they appeared in, check out the role they had in the games, or read a few chapters of a manga. Bulbapedia is always a good source to check for any additional information (how likely is it that Sabrina owns a Chinchou?).

That's not to say you can't develop them like you do your Original Characters; every character should grow to a degree, and your story should reflect their changing personality. But you really shouldn't introduce Professor Oak as an axe-murderer, for example.


It probably seems like a lot of hard work to get everything included, doesn't it? Well, it is, but never get discouraged. Writing is fun, and it takes time to get everything right. If you need to, write a couple of drafts before starting the good version. It's just a part of proofreading, right? You should never put up a chapter if you aren't happy with it.

Don't worry if it takes time; you should always see lots of room for improvement in your work. Feedback is important, since it shows you where you are in your writing, and how you can improve. And never forget the difference between "its", "it's" and "its'"!


Thanks to Blackjack for allowing me to post this!
 
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Very nice. I'm going to sticky this because it's a valuable resource.

However, I disagree that canon characters don't take much time to develop. It depends on how much we know about them.
 
That is true; it's really a matter of how frequently they're seen and developed in the seperate medias of the franchise. I've edited that to clarify; thanks for pointing it out.
 
Ah, this might come in handy. I'm not good at writing adventure stories, only informational ones. This'll help me out.
 
This is great information. It'll certainly help me with problems I've been having in my fic.
 
While there's a great deal of good advice in there, I've got to disagree on some of it. Apologies if I sound harsh: they're pet peeves of mine.

(For those thow may not recall: I was the first moderator of the Bulbagarden fanfic board, way back when, so I'm not exactly new to the writing field. I'm still writing and beta-reading/editing (but not fanfiction anymore))

Detail
1) Marc, Nigel, and Erica walked on the path, heading towards the town.
2) Marc, Nigel, and Erica walked along the path quickly, hoping to break out of the forest and reach town by nightfall. A stream tinkled gently nearby and a cool breeze blew towards them, ruffling their hair and filling their nostrils with the savoury scent of fresh watercress.

Which of those two sentences is more interesting to read?

Honestly, I'm not sure which I'd take. There is such a thing as too much description, and it's just as bad as not enough

The dangers of description are numerous:

1)Describing the obvious. Yes, I believe we're aware that leaves are (on average) green. Unless the green is otherwise relevant to the scene (or the leaves are NOT green), you don't really need to tell us. Similarly, if there's a breeze, we don't really need to know what it's doing to the characters hair: most of us know. Similarly that the stream is making noise should hopefully be obvious to most people.

2)Breaking Chekhov's Law. Basically, if at the beginning of a chapter you introduce a strange detail to the story, by the end of the chapter, the detail should have had some effect in the story. (the actual law states: "If there is a gun on the mantelpiece in the first act, someone should have fired it by the third.")

3)Breaking point of view. This is an important one: most of the time, you will be writing each scene of your story from the point of view of a character, and this affect how much detail you want. A character hurrying through the wood, or in the middle of talking with a friend, isn't admiring what the wood is like - he won't notice detail. He's focused on talking or getting out of the wood. On the other hand, a character who's nervously inching his way through a jungle full of man-eating plants and deadly snakes is going to pay a great deal of attention to the world around him.

4)Breaking "Show, don't tell". This may be non-intuitive, but sometime, describing something instead of having the characters talk about it amounts to telling your readers something instead of showing them. In the above case, "hoping to break out of the forest..." is a clear example. This would work far better in dialogue than in description.

5)Needlessly burdenign scenes. Basically, if the characters are just walking through the forest, and nothing happens before they get to town, the first sentence is better. You should only take the time to describe the forest like that, and showing us the characters want to get out of it, if they're NOT getting out of it just yet.

Taking that in mind, my version sentence (assuming something happens in the forest) would be something like:

Marc, Nigel and Erica hurried down the path by the stream. A cool breeze had risen, filling the forest with the smell of watercress.
"Do you think we'll reach the town today?" Nigel asked. "I'd like to sleep in a real bed tonight."

If nothing happens in the forest, I would just begin the next scene (in town, perhaps) with "They made it through the forest without incidents."


1) "It's just frustrating," Nigel said.
2) "It's just frustrating," Nigel growled, grinding a fist angrily into his palm

Again, dangerous. In this case, "growl" is probably an acceptable improvement, BUT, from what I'm given to understanding (having heard from published authors and professional editors on the matter), the basic rule with dialogue is keep it simple. Which means:

Nothing (if you can get away with it without confusing your reader)
IS BETTER THAN
"He said/Yelled/Shouted/Groaned/Muttered/Hissed/Growled/Moaned/Asked" (simple, to the point words)
IS BETTER THAN)
"He complained/whined/exclaimed" (if he's doing any of those, it should be obvious from the dialogue. "Asked" is an exception.
IS BETTER THAN
"He declared/Proclaimed/affirmed/eructed" (These are synonyms for "said". Use "Said" instead. Even if you already used it last sentence.

Also, adverbs are not your friends. They're either redundant, or a cheap way to avoid showing in favor of telling.

In this case, we know Nigel is grinding his fist in the palm of his hand. Now, it may just be me, but people who do that don't tend to do it CALMLY. In fact, they almost always do it angrily. Thus, "Nigel growled, grinding his fist into his palm" tells us exactly as much information as "grinding his fist angrily into his palm", with one word less.
 
This is good advice as well. I am a journalism major/English Lit minor and there are definitely times when simplicity is key.

I would say that all of these rules are good to keep in mind, but that in the end, it is up to the author and his or her individual style. There are no right or wrong answers in writing because while there may be certain aspects of an author's works that people may not like, that's the beauty of writing: artistic license.

Being creative and stuff is what writing is all about, so people should be less worried about black and white rules and focus more on just being creative. Keep the rules and suggested guidelines in mind obviously, but don't treat them as the be all end all.
 
Indeed.

Writing, really, is a matter three Cs. The good writers are creative, concise and consistent.

The great writers, of course, have not only mastered how to be those things, but when not to be those things.
 
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So then wait, when don't you use the three Cs? WAHH! Evil Figment uses confusing metaphors!
 
I don't know, I'm not a great writer! I'm still trying to be a *good* one!

Seriously, when to break the 3 Cs is what you have to figure out for yourself, once you have mastered the art of using them.
 
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When I need ideas for a Pokemon fan-fic I also think of mystery dungeon, from the Pokemons view...
 
Thanks for this forum i find pacing really hard!

I got a tip!
"stop when ur going good"

Basically when your writing really well and fast stop so when u come back to it youll be able to start right away!
 
I just had my story in the rp thingy tured town, even tho i worked SO HARD on it:disgust: I dont think ll be typing a decent story anytime soon:disgust: cu i havent got any :idea: that wont suck it up :(





























P.S. And i wanted to be an author...
 
All it takes is practice; keep working at it and you'll improve. That's key in trying to become an author.
 
Pardon the c/p here, but I posted this in the Plot Bunny Zoo as a response to someone, and I figured this would go just as well in here. These are my personal tenets of writing.

Since I don't believe in unwritten rules, I will write what I consider the central tenets of my writings.

Tenet 1: WRITE WHAT YOU WANT TO WRITE. Be open to suggestions, unless those suggestions are contrary to what you are going for with your fic.

Tenet 2: Be flexible. If something isn't going to work, don't be afraid to shift gears. Oftentimes, unless you say something, people will never know the difference. I had to do this myself in "Legends' Day Off", as my original concept of "their vacations lead into situations that spark their legends" ultimately would not have worked except in one specific instance. Instead, I shifted to a more sitcom-esque idea of putting the Legends in situations they're not used to, and so far, it's worked.

Tenet 3: Be accessible. As mentioned in Tenet 1, it's okay to accept suggestions for things to improve. If someone comes up with a good idea that won't derail your fic, then why not implement it?

Tenet 4: There are no "unwritten rules". Don't let others' expectations ruin your fun. If people are enjoying your work, then that is great. If people aren't for legitimate reasons, that's fine. But if people don't like it for silly reasons like "you broke an unwritten rule" and can't come up with a good reason of why that's a bad thing IN YOUR CASE...forget 'em.

Tenet 5, and the most important tenet: Have fun. If it gets to where it isn't fun writing things anymore, then just hold off and come back when it is. If you're not having fun from the start, then you need to look at things differently. Remember, these stories come from your ideas, even if aided with suggestions by others, so you have every right to have fun with them.

Finally, Tenet 6: Don't stress so much about feeling like you HAVE to make something epic. That can be as draining as capitulating to people who aren't critiquing so much as bashing. Just write what makes sense to you, and odds are, it'll turn out okay. I made this mistake in the last part of "Secret Ambition", but I was able to avoid that for Part 3 of "Legends' Day Off".

I hope that these help anyone who is having trouble getting started with or continuing a fic.
 
Great writing guide Martin22, very useful! There is however one small thing I don't agree on:

1) "It's just frustrating," Nigel said.
2) "It's just frustrating," Nigel growled, grinding a fist angrily into his palm

The second sentence is definitely the best of the two examples, but personally I would not use the word "angrily". The word "growled" and the fact that Nigel is grinding his fist into his palm is already showing the reader that he is angry without telling them. So I would probably go with the following:

"It's just frustrating," Nigel growled, grinding a fist into his palm.

Or even better, actions can be used to identify the speaker:

Nigel ground a fist into his palm. "It's just frustrating."

But maybe that's just me being nitpicky! :)
 
Big QUESTION?

I've always been okay at writing stories, but all that I do is advance the plotline, with no real target. (Sorry, I've recently started talking poetically.) In other words... I don't know how to think up a good ending, and your guide doesn't have anything about it. Could you please add a section along those lines?
 
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